Structural (macro) theories
- Functionalism (consensus): society is a system of interdependent parts working for stability, based on value consensus and shared norms (Durkheim, Parsons). Institutions perform functions (socialisation, social solidarity). Criticised as deterministic and ignoring conflict/inequality.
- Marxism (conflict): society is shaped by the economic base; the bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat; institutions form a superstructure reproducing ruling-class ideology and false consciousness (Marx). Neo-Marxism (Gramsci - hegemony). Criticised as economically deterministic.
- Feminism (conflict): society is patriarchal. Liberal (gradual reform/equal rights), Marxist (patriarchy serves capitalism), radical (patriarchy is the primary oppression) and difference/postmodern feminism.
Social action (micro) theories
- Interactionism/interpretivism (Weber, Mead): society is constructed through meanings and interactions; labelling and the self. Verstehen (empathetic understanding).
Modern debates
- Postmodernism (fragmentation, choice, the decline of meta-narratives), late modernity (Giddens, Beck - risk, reflexivity), and structure vs agency.
Classify theories as structural (consensus/conflict) vs action, and evaluate each on determinism, agency and its account of inequality - use them to explain every topic.
Diagram
Perspective
Key sociologist/study
Evidence
Counter-perspective
Evaluation
Judgement
Structure/action
Power/inequality link
Synoptic connection